Justification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Justification - Essay Example As mentioned by Klosko, the principle of fairness is the key to settle all social problems as it solves the existing problems of other political obligation theories, as well as resolves social conflicts diplomatically through justice (The Principle of Fairness 33). The principle of fairness was first introduced in the works of Hart in 1955, who suggested that fairness is determined by the extent to which two or more parties, both agreeing to restrict their rights, participate in and benefit from a common venture (Klosko, â€Å"The Principle of Fairness† 33). This definition implies that the principle of fairness entails both equality and restriction of rights. On the other hand, Rawls’ theory, which contains similar concepts with Hart’s, posits that such mutual cooperation is governed by rules that restrict all participating parties and that justice is needed to implement such rules (Rawls 10-12). Rawls’ ideas on the principle of fairness also come along with the principles of justice because, in his definition, justice is the key in implementing the rules that govern all mutually advantageous collaborations. With Hart and Rawls’ definitions, it can be said that the main idea of the principle of fairness is mutual cooperation and conformity to rules. Thus, to sum up the two definitions, Klosko proposes that there are five fundamental elements that govern the principles of fairness: 1) cooperative scheme, 2) rules governing the cooperative scheme, 3) restrictions, 4) distinctions between cooperators and non-cooperators, and 5) benefits of the non-cooperators (The Principle of Fairness 34). The cooperative scheme refers to the mutually beneficial ventures of which the participating parties share both the burdens and benefits of such ventures. The governing rules refer to the sacrifices that all participating parties must make in order to yield the desired benefits of the

Are experiences of childhood culturally unique Essay

Are experiences of childhood culturally unique - Essay Example More specifically, the study will focus on cross-cultural examples of childhood experiences. Childhood depends on the environment and the culture where a child grows; different cultures handle their children in extremely different ways. The physical environment alters the games that children play. For example, children who live in the arctic countries cannot play outdoor games during winter. As such, they must learn how to play outdoor games (Fergus 2009, p. 257). On the contrary, those children who grow in the tropics enjoy a whole year of outdoor games and play because of the friendly tropic weather. Differences in technological advancement and the schooling system alter the childhood years of many children across cultures of the world (Fergus 2009, p. 258). Children living in the 21st century experience different childhood from those who lived in the 19th century. Therefore, the past is a strange country where things were done differently from the present. Countless transformations and alterations have taken place in the lives of children; due to changes in ways that parents treat their children and understanding of the general public on issues that concern children (Cross 1997, p. 50). Today, children do not have many responsibilities, and play characterizes their life instead of work. Further, majority of the children spend their days in school receiving formal education, but not working in the mines or farms for wages (Carol & Melvin 2003, p.777). Today, children spend their Childhood life within the family context instead of public life and children no longer produce, but they depend on their parents for upkeep and nourishment. In the recent past, it was legally and socially acceptable for a child to work in the factory. However, if this happens today, social workers will intervene to save the child, and this will bring serious legal penalties to the owner of the factory and the parents of that child (Carol &